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For newbies, Wordle is a daily word game where you have six chances to guess the day’s five-letter word. All your guesses must be valid five-letter words, not just random letters.

If a tile turns green, you have revealed the correct letter in the correct position. If a tile turns yellow, that letter belongs, but not in that position. If the tile is gray, that letter is not in today’s word.

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© Copyright 2022 Cleveland Jewish News, 23880 Commerce Park, Suite 1 Beachwood, OH | Terms of Use| Privacy policy These private letters of the pharaohs reveal how politics worked 3,300 years ago The Amarna Letters preserve an inside look at Egyptian diplomacy, revealing how power brokers maneuvered, alliances were made, and pharaohs were flattered.

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Scribes record the words of the mighty on a relief from the tomb of Horemheb, Saqqara, around 1400 BC. National Archaeological Museum, Florence, Italy.

Sometimes archaeologists stumble upon not just one or a few documents, but entire documents that completely change their understanding of an ancient period, and whose fascinating details bring that distant time into sharp focus. The prize that translated Egyptology is undoubtedly the 382 Amarna letters, considered the oldest diplomatic documents ever found.

Written in cuneiform, Letter 19 of the Amarna Archives is from Tushratta of Mitanni to Pharaoh Amenhotep III. The king professes brotherly love to the pharaoh, praises the closeness of relations between his land and Egypt, and discusses gold mining.

BC Written in the 14th century, they consist of correspondence between the pharaohs and their rival kings, the Babylonians, Assyrians, Hittites, and Mitanni, as well as letters from puppet kings under Egyptian rule. Beginning with the reign of Amenhotep III (1390-1353 BC), Egypt’s great builder king, the archives also trace the reign of his son Akhenaten (1353-1336 BC), who rocked ancient Egypt. These letters open a window into 18th Dynasty Egypt and provide a detailed snapshot of the eastern Mediterranean and Middle East in the late Bronze Age, just as Egypt was asserting its greatness and the new power of Assyria was beginning to flourish.

These Pharaohs’ Private Letters Expose How Politics Worked 3,300 Years Ago

The letters also provide insight into the growing complexity of international diplomacy, exposing the writers’ flattery, arrogance, jealousy and crudeness. The growth of large empires vying for supremacy created the need for a legal system, and the Amarna edicts provide historians with unparalleled insight into how these early laws worked.

In 1907, the sight of this elaborate coffin, found in Tomb KV55 in the Valley of the Kings, disappeared. Some inscriptions indicate that it belonged to Akhenaten.

Around 1348 BC, Pharaoh Akhenaten moved his palace to an isolated location to the north, roughly equidistant between Thebes (his former capital) and Memphis. This transfer was part of the pharaoh’s radical program to glorify Aten, the sun disc, as the almost unique deity of Egypt.

Akhenaten’s new capital on the east bank of the Nile was called Akhaten, meaning “Aten’s horizon,” probably because of the nearby mountains that frame the rising sun. The site’s modern name, Tell el Amarna, is used interchangeably with the site of Akhetaten, which gave its name to the extraordinary culture that briefly flourished when the upheaval of the pharaoh’s Aten cult paralleled a radical change in art. Amarna style.

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The sun rises over the ruins of the Great Eighth Temple in present-day Amarna, Egypt. Ahenaten moved his capital here to exalt the god Aten as part of his new religion.

However, Akhenaten’s reign was not just centered on religious and artistic upheaval. He had inherited a kingdom of great power and local prestige from his father, Amenhotep III, and continued to pursue Egyptian interests, particularly in the mineral-rich southern Nubia. Until his death in 1336 BC, Egypt’s capital was a bustling city full of palaces and temples, houses, barracks and administrative buildings. The latter contained archives of diplomatic correspondence originating under Amenhotep III and Queen Tiye. (King Tut’s grandparents were the royal power couple of Egypt.)

The ancient city of Amarna was identified in the late 1700s, and Akhetaton’s boundary stone was found there. These letters were discovered after a series of serendipitous discoveries in the 1880s. As the news of their existence spread, the place suddenly gained great archaeological importance. Wallis Budge, curator of the British Museum, managed to acquire a group of 82 pieces. A significant number of tablets have also found their way through the antiquities market to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo and the Staatliche Museum in Berlin.

Led by British Egyptologist William Flinders Petrie in the 1890s, the first significant excavations at Amarna soon discovered more tablets from Akhenaten’s time. In his first campaign, Petrie excavated a building with the name “Pharaoh’s Bureau of Correspondence” on its bricks.

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A keen archaeologist, Petrie also had an instinct for publicity. He knew that the Amarna letters would help attract sponsors to fund the excavation. His investigations of the documents and archaeological remains of the ancient capital greatly enhanced the knowledge of this dynasty and the New Kingdom.

Not all letters were found at once. When Norwegian linguist Jørgen Alexander Knudtsen ordered them chronologically within geographical groups in the early 1900s, there were 358. The remaining 24 were discovered in the 20th century and incorporated into the numbering system still used by scholars today. (Here’s what the Armana articles reveal about ancient pirates.)

The letters were not written in ancient Egyptian, but in Akkadian, a language widely used in ancient Mesopotamia. By the second millennium BC, Akkadian had become a lingua franca throughout the region, similar to the role English plays in international relations today. It was written in cuneiform, a cuneiform script. Most of the tablets found today are letters received by the Egyptians. Only a few copies of the written letters have been preserved

Scholars have divided the Amarna letters into two main groups. One is the letters sent to the pharaoh by the rulers of Egypt, and the other is the letter to the pharaoh written by his equals (or as he saw it, his near equals). Powers.

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The ancient group, sent from puppet kings, was from the land of Canaan in modern Israel and Lebanon. Egypt had captured Canaan as an imperial trophy a century earlier under Thutmose III. The new conquest brought Egypt problems with prestige: its rulers were harassed by a people called the Habiru, identified by some historians as Hebrews, but whose identity is still hotly debated. The temptation for the puppeteers to deal with the local habiru was, apparently, too great. An Amarna dispatch from the ruler of Tire to Akhenaten (Letter 148) complains that Habiru had ravaged the region, but another local ruler of Hazor (in modern northern Israel), said to be loyal to Egypt, had “aligned. with Habiru. . . [and] the king’s land is given to Habiru. (A Canaanite palace was abandoned 3,700 years ago. Archaeologists finally know why.)

The ruins of present-day Israel were built in 1000 BC. An aerial view of Hazor, a major Canaanite city in the 14th century. Various Amarna letters concern the ruler of Hazor and whether he made a deal behind the pharaoh’s back.

These letters are often expressed in extremely low language. The puppeteer of Gezer in present-day Israel wrote: “To the king, my lord, my God, my sun, the sun of heaven: the message of your servant Yapahu, the dirt under your feet. I fall at the feet of the King, my Lord, my God, my Sun, seven times and seven times.”

In contrast, letters written by Pharaoh’s peers, rulers of great regional powers, are concerned with how and when they demonstrate that they are on a more equal footing. Scholars sometimes refer to the major regional powers of this time as the “Great Power Society,” which at this time consisted of Egypt, Babylonia, Assyria, Mitanni (centered in modern southeastern Turkey), and the “Hattite” Hittite Empire. Another member of the club was Alasia, the island of Cyprus. Although geographically small, the island nation was

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